3-D particle modeling of gas bubbles in a liquid

We use a molecular aggregate approach and classical, molecular dynamics type formulas to simulate the motion of gas bubbles within a liquid. For application, the liquid is taken to be water while the gas is taken to be carbon dioxide. The resulting dynamical equations are large systems of second-order, nonlinear, ordinary differential equations which are solved by a time-stepping numerical method. The rise of the bubbles and the motion of the water near the bubbles are described and discussed.