Design of a high voltage delivery system for noble liquid time projection chambers

R. Saldanha; L. Pagani; E. Angelico; E. P. Bernard; B. Chana; S. Delaquis; R. DeVoe; M. Elbeltagi; S. Ferrara; D. Goeldi; R. Gornea; A. Odian; G. S. Ortega; C. T. Overman; L. Placzek; P. C. Rowson; K. Skarpaas; F. Spadoni; P. Acharya; A. Amy; A. Anker; I. J. Arnquist; A. Atencio; J. Bane; V. Belov; T. Bhatta; A. Bolotnikov; J. Breslin; P. A. Breur; E. Brown; T. Brunner; B. Burnell; E. Caden; G. F. Cao; L. Q. Cao; D. Cesmecioglu; D. Chernyak; M. Chiu; R. Collister; M. Marquis; T. Daniels; L. Darroch; M. L. di Vacri; Y. Y. Ding; M. J. Dolinski; B. Eckert; A. Emara; N. Fatemighomi; W. Fairbank; B. Foust; D. Gallacher; N. Gallice; A. Gaur; W. Gillis; F. Girard; G. Gratta; C. A. Hardy; S. Hedges; E. Hein; J. D. Holt; A. Iverson; X. S. Jiang; A. Karelin; D. Keblbeck; A. Kuchenkov; K. S. Kumar; A. Larson; M. B. Latif; S. Lavoie; K. G. Leach; B. G. Lenardo; D. S. Leonard; K. K.H. Leung; H. Lewis; G. Li; X. Li; Z. Li; C. Licciardi; R. Lindsay; R. MacLellan; S. Majidi; J. Masbou; M. Medina-Peregrina; S. Mngonyama; B. Mong; D. C. Moore; K. Ni; I. Nitu; A. Nolan; S. C. Nowicki; J. C.Nzobadila Ondze; J. L. Orrell; A. Pena-Perez; H. Peltz Smalley; A. Piepke; A. Pocar; E. Raguzin; R. Rai; H. Rasiwala; D. Ray; S. Rescia; F. Retière; G. Richardson; V. Riot; N. Rocco; R. Ross; S. Sangiorgio; S. Sekula; T. Shetty; L. Si; V. Stekhanov; X. L. Sun; S. Thibado; T. Totev; S. Triambak; R. H.M. Tsang; O. A. Tyuka; E. van Bruggen; M. Vidal; S. Viel; Q. D. Wang; M. Watts; W. Wei; M. Wehrfritz; L. J. Wen; S. Wilde; M. Worcester; X. M. Wu; H. Xu; H. B. Yang; L. Yang; M. Yu; O. Zeldovich; J. Zhao

doi:10.1016/j.nima.2026.171718

Design of a high voltage delivery system for noble liquid time projection chambers

R. Saldanha
, L. Pagani
, E. Angelico
, E. P. Bernard
, B. Chana
, S. Delaquis
, R. DeVoe
, M. Elbeltagi
, S. Ferrara
, D. Goeldi
, R. Gornea
, A. Odian
, G. S. Ortega
, C. T. Overman
, L. Placzek
, P. C. Rowson
, K. Skarpaas
, F. Spadoni
, P. Acharya
, A. Amy

A. Anker, I. J. Arnquist, A. Atencio, J. Bane, V. Belov, T. Bhatta, A. Bolotnikov, J. Breslin, P. A. Breur, E. Brown, T. Brunner, B. Burnell, E. Caden, G. F. Cao, L. Q. Cao, D. Cesmecioglu, D. Chernyak, M. Chiu, R. Collister, M. Marquis, T. Daniels, L. Darroch, M. L. di Vacri, Y. Y. Ding, M. J. Dolinski, B. Eckert, A. Emara, N. Fatemighomi, W. Fairbank, B. Foust, D. Gallacher, N. Gallice, A. Gaur, W. Gillis, F. Girard, G. Gratta, C. A. Hardy, S. Hedges, E. Hein, J. D. Holt, A. Iverson, X. S. Jiang, A. Karelin, D. Keblbeck, A. Kuchenkov, K. S. Kumar, A. Larson, M. B. Latif, S. Lavoie, K. G. Leach, B. G. Lenardo, D. S. Leonard, K. K.H. Leung, H. Lewis, G. Li, X. Li, Z. Li, C. Licciardi, R. Lindsay, R. MacLellan, S. Majidi, J. Masbou, M. Medina-Peregrina, S. Mngonyama, B. Mong, D. C. Moore, K. Ni, I. Nitu, A. Nolan, S. C. Nowicki, J. C.Nzobadila Ondze, J. L. Orrell, A. Pena-Perez, H. Peltz Smalley, A. Piepke, A. Pocar, E. Raguzin, R. Rai, H. Rasiwala, D. Ray, S. Rescia, F. Retière, G. Richardson, V. Riot, N. Rocco, R. Ross, S. Sangiorgio, S. Sekula, T. Shetty, L. Si, V. Stekhanov, X. L. Sun, S. Thibado, T. Totev, S. Triambak, R. H.M. Tsang, O. A. Tyuka, E. van Bruggen, M. Vidal, S. Viel, Q. D. Wang, M. Watts, W. Wei, M. Wehrfritz, L. J. Wen, S. Wilde, M. Worcester, X. M. Wu, H. Xu, H. B. Yang, L. Yang, M. Yu, O. Zeldovich, J. Zhao

Physics and Astronomy

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

Abstract

Noble liquid time projection chambers (TPCs) are a leading technology in the detection of ionizing radiation, particularly in applications such as accelerator neutrino physics, dark matter detection, and neutrinoless double beta decay. This paper addresses the design considerations for implementing stable high voltage (HV) systems within large noble liquid TPCs, with a focus on the nEXO experiment. Utilizing insights from prior HV research and experimental investigations, we outline factors influencing HV stability and discuss design choices to improve stability and prevent electrical discharges. A novel HV delivery system concept is presented, tailored for the nEXO TPC, which incorporates these design considerations while also meeting the stringent radiopurity requirements of the nEXO neutrinoless double beta decay search. These design considerations and their specific implementation towards a HV delivery system offer guidance to future experiments applying high voltage in noble liquid environments.

Original language	English
Article number	171718
Journal	Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment
Volume	1091
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2026.171718
State	Published - Nov 2026

Keywords

High voltage
Noble liquids
Time projection chamber

Access to Document

10.1016/j.nima.2026.171718

Cite this

Saldanha, R., Pagani, L., Angelico, E., Bernard, E. P., Chana, B., Delaquis, S., DeVoe, R., Elbeltagi, M., Ferrara, S., Goeldi, D., Gornea, R., Odian, A., Ortega, G. S., Overman, C. T., Placzek, L., Rowson, P. C., Skarpaas, K., Spadoni, F., Acharya, P., ... Zhao, J. (2026). Design of a high voltage delivery system for noble liquid time projection chambers. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 1091, Article 171718. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2026.171718

@article{9bf325fc7cb44a8c8881315fbc4471ee,

title = "Design of a high voltage delivery system for noble liquid time projection chambers",

abstract = "Noble liquid time projection chambers (TPCs) are a leading technology in the detection of ionizing radiation, particularly in applications such as accelerator neutrino physics, dark matter detection, and neutrinoless double beta decay. This paper addresses the design considerations for implementing stable high voltage (HV) systems within large noble liquid TPCs, with a focus on the nEXO experiment. Utilizing insights from prior HV research and experimental investigations, we outline factors influencing HV stability and discuss design choices to improve stability and prevent electrical discharges. A novel HV delivery system concept is presented, tailored for the nEXO TPC, which incorporates these design considerations while also meeting the stringent radiopurity requirements of the nEXO neutrinoless double beta decay search. These design considerations and their specific implementation towards a HV delivery system offer guidance to future experiments applying high voltage in noble liquid environments.",

keywords = "High voltage, Noble liquids, Time projection chamber",

author = "R. Saldanha and L. Pagani and E. Angelico and Bernard, \{E. P.\} and B. Chana and S. Delaquis and R. DeVoe and M. Elbeltagi and S. Ferrara and D. Goeldi and R. Gornea and A. Odian and Ortega, \{G. S.\} and Overman, \{C. T.\} and L. Placzek and Rowson, \{P. C.\} and K. Skarpaas and F. Spadoni and P. Acharya and A. Amy and A. Anker and Arnquist, \{I. J.\} and A. Atencio and J. Bane and V. Belov and T. Bhatta and A. Bolotnikov and J. Breslin and Breur, \{P. A.\} and E. Brown and T. Brunner and B. Burnell and E. Caden and Cao, \{G. F.\} and Cao, \{L. Q.\} and D. Cesmecioglu and D. Chernyak and M. Chiu and R. Collister and M. Marquis and T. Daniels and L. Darroch and \{di Vacri\}, \{M. L.\} and Ding, \{Y. Y.\} and Dolinski, \{M. J.\} and B. Eckert and A. Emara and N. Fatemighomi and W. Fairbank and B. Foust and D. Gallacher and N. Gallice and A. Gaur and W. Gillis and F. Girard and G. Gratta and Hardy, \{C. A.\} and S. Hedges and E. Hein and Holt, \{J. D.\} and A. Iverson and Jiang, \{X. S.\} and A. Karelin and D. Keblbeck and A. Kuchenkov and Kumar, \{K. S.\} and A. Larson and Latif, \{M. B.\} and S. Lavoie and Leach, \{K. G.\} and Lenardo, \{B. G.\} and Leonard, \{D. S.\} and Leung, \{K. K.H.\} and H. Lewis and G. Li and X. Li and Z. Li and C. Licciardi and R. Lindsay and R. MacLellan and S. Majidi and J. Masbou and M. Medina-Peregrina and S. Mngonyama and B. Mong and Moore, \{D. C.\} and K. Ni and I. Nitu and A. Nolan and Nowicki, \{S. C.\} and Ondze, \{J. C.Nzobadila\} and Orrell, \{J. L.\} and A. Pena-Perez and Smalley, \{H. Peltz\} and A. Piepke and A. Pocar and E. Raguzin and R. Rai and H. Rasiwala and D. Ray and S. Rescia and F. Reti{\`e}re and G. Richardson and V. Riot and N. Rocco and R. Ross and S. Sangiorgio and S. Sekula and T. Shetty and L. Si and V. Stekhanov and Sun, \{X. L.\} and S. Thibado and T. Totev and S. Triambak and Tsang, \{R. H.M.\} and Tyuka, \{O. A.\} and \{van Bruggen\}, E. and M. Vidal and S. Viel and Wang, \{Q. D.\} and M. Watts and W. Wei and M. Wehrfritz and Wen, \{L. J.\} and S. Wilde and M. Worcester and Wu, \{X. M.\} and H. Xu and Yang, \{H. B.\} and L. Yang and M. Yu and O. Zeldovich and J. Zhao",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2026",

year = "2026",

month = nov,

doi = "10.1016/j.nima.2026.171718",

language = "English",

volume = "1091",

journal = "Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment",

issn = "0168-9002",

publisher = "Elsevier B.V.",

}

Saldanha, R, Pagani, L, Angelico, E, Bernard, EP, Chana, B, Delaquis, S, DeVoe, R, Elbeltagi, M, Ferrara, S, Goeldi, D, Gornea, R, Odian, A, Ortega, GS, Overman, CT, Placzek, L, Rowson, PC, Skarpaas, K, Spadoni, F, Acharya, P, Amy, A, Anker, A, Arnquist, IJ, Atencio, A, Bane, J, Belov, V, Bhatta, T, Bolotnikov, A, Breslin, J, Breur, PA, Brown, E, Brunner, T, Burnell, B, Caden, E, Cao, GF, Cao, LQ, Cesmecioglu, D, Chernyak, D, Chiu, M, Collister, R, Marquis, M, Daniels, T, Darroch, L, di Vacri, ML, Ding, YY, Dolinski, MJ, Eckert, B, Emara, A, Fatemighomi, N, Fairbank, W, Foust, B, Gallacher, D, Gallice, N, Gaur, A, Gillis, W, Girard, F, Gratta, G, Hardy, CA, Hedges, S, Hein, E, Holt, JD, Iverson, A, Jiang, XS, Karelin, A, Keblbeck, D, Kuchenkov, A, Kumar, KS, Larson, A, Latif, MB, Lavoie, S, Leach, KG, Lenardo, BG, Leonard, DS, Leung, KKH, Lewis, H, Li, G, Li, X, Li, Z, Licciardi, C, Lindsay, R, MacLellan, R, Majidi, S, Masbou, J, Medina-Peregrina, M, Mngonyama, S, Mong, B, Moore, DC, Ni, K, Nitu, I, Nolan, A, Nowicki, SC, Ondze, JCN, Orrell, JL, Pena-Perez, A, Smalley, HP, Piepke, A, Pocar, A, Raguzin, E, Rai, R, Rasiwala, H, Ray, D, Rescia, S, Retière, F, Richardson, G, Riot, V, Rocco, N, Ross, R, Sangiorgio, S, Sekula, S, Shetty, T, Si, L, Stekhanov, V, Sun, XL, Thibado, S, Totev, T, Triambak, S, Tsang, RHM, Tyuka, OA, van Bruggen, E, Vidal, M, Viel, S, Wang, QD, Watts, M, Wei, W, Wehrfritz, M, Wen, LJ, Wilde, S, Worcester, M, Wu, XM, Xu, H, Yang, HB, Yang, L, Yu, M, Zeldovich, O & Zhao, J 2026, 'Design of a high voltage delivery system for noble liquid time projection chambers', Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, vol. 1091, 171718. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2026.171718

TY - JOUR

T1 - Design of a high voltage delivery system for noble liquid time projection chambers

AU - Saldanha, R.

AU - Pagani, L.

AU - Angelico, E.

AU - Bernard, E. P.

AU - Chana, B.

AU - Delaquis, S.

AU - DeVoe, R.

AU - Elbeltagi, M.

AU - Ferrara, S.

AU - Goeldi, D.

AU - Gornea, R.

AU - Odian, A.

AU - Ortega, G. S.

AU - Overman, C. T.

AU - Placzek, L.

AU - Rowson, P. C.

AU - Skarpaas, K.

AU - Spadoni, F.

AU - Acharya, P.

AU - Amy, A.

AU - Anker, A.

AU - Arnquist, I. J.

AU - Atencio, A.

AU - Bane, J.

AU - Belov, V.

AU - Bhatta, T.

AU - Bolotnikov, A.

AU - Breslin, J.

AU - Breur, P. A.

AU - Brown, E.

AU - Brunner, T.

AU - Burnell, B.

AU - Caden, E.

AU - Cao, G. F.

AU - Cao, L. Q.

AU - Cesmecioglu, D.

AU - Chernyak, D.

AU - Chiu, M.

AU - Collister, R.

AU - Marquis, M.

AU - Daniels, T.

AU - Darroch, L.

AU - di Vacri, M. L.

AU - Ding, Y. Y.

AU - Dolinski, M. J.

AU - Eckert, B.

AU - Emara, A.

AU - Fatemighomi, N.

AU - Fairbank, W.

AU - Foust, B.

AU - Gallacher, D.

AU - Gallice, N.

AU - Gaur, A.

AU - Gillis, W.

AU - Girard, F.

AU - Gratta, G.

AU - Hardy, C. A.

AU - Hedges, S.

AU - Hein, E.

AU - Holt, J. D.

AU - Iverson, A.

AU - Jiang, X. S.

AU - Karelin, A.

AU - Keblbeck, D.

AU - Kuchenkov, A.

AU - Kumar, K. S.

AU - Larson, A.

AU - Latif, M. B.

AU - Lavoie, S.

AU - Leach, K. G.

AU - Lenardo, B. G.

AU - Leonard, D. S.

AU - Leung, K. K.H.

AU - Lewis, H.

AU - Li, G.

AU - Li, X.

AU - Li, Z.

AU - Licciardi, C.

AU - Lindsay, R.

AU - MacLellan, R.

AU - Majidi, S.

AU - Masbou, J.

AU - Medina-Peregrina, M.

AU - Mngonyama, S.

AU - Mong, B.

AU - Moore, D. C.

AU - Ni, K.

AU - Nitu, I.

AU - Nolan, A.

AU - Nowicki, S. C.

AU - Ondze, J. C.Nzobadila

AU - Orrell, J. L.

AU - Pena-Perez, A.

AU - Smalley, H. Peltz

AU - Piepke, A.

AU - Pocar, A.

AU - Raguzin, E.

AU - Rai, R.

AU - Rasiwala, H.

AU - Ray, D.

AU - Rescia, S.

AU - Retière, F.

AU - Richardson, G.

AU - Riot, V.

AU - Rocco, N.

AU - Ross, R.

AU - Sangiorgio, S.

AU - Sekula, S.

AU - Shetty, T.

AU - Si, L.

AU - Stekhanov, V.

AU - Sun, X. L.

AU - Thibado, S.

AU - Totev, T.

AU - Triambak, S.

AU - Tsang, R. H.M.

AU - Tyuka, O. A.

AU - van Bruggen, E.

AU - Vidal, M.

AU - Viel, S.

AU - Wang, Q. D.

AU - Watts, M.

AU - Wei, W.

AU - Wehrfritz, M.

AU - Wen, L. J.

AU - Wilde, S.

AU - Worcester, M.

AU - Wu, X. M.

AU - Xu, H.

AU - Yang, H. B.

AU - Yang, L.

AU - Yu, M.

AU - Zeldovich, O.

AU - Zhao, J.

PY - 2026/11

Y1 - 2026/11

N2 - Noble liquid time projection chambers (TPCs) are a leading technology in the detection of ionizing radiation, particularly in applications such as accelerator neutrino physics, dark matter detection, and neutrinoless double beta decay. This paper addresses the design considerations for implementing stable high voltage (HV) systems within large noble liquid TPCs, with a focus on the nEXO experiment. Utilizing insights from prior HV research and experimental investigations, we outline factors influencing HV stability and discuss design choices to improve stability and prevent electrical discharges. A novel HV delivery system concept is presented, tailored for the nEXO TPC, which incorporates these design considerations while also meeting the stringent radiopurity requirements of the nEXO neutrinoless double beta decay search. These design considerations and their specific implementation towards a HV delivery system offer guidance to future experiments applying high voltage in noble liquid environments.

AB - Noble liquid time projection chambers (TPCs) are a leading technology in the detection of ionizing radiation, particularly in applications such as accelerator neutrino physics, dark matter detection, and neutrinoless double beta decay. This paper addresses the design considerations for implementing stable high voltage (HV) systems within large noble liquid TPCs, with a focus on the nEXO experiment. Utilizing insights from prior HV research and experimental investigations, we outline factors influencing HV stability and discuss design choices to improve stability and prevent electrical discharges. A novel HV delivery system concept is presented, tailored for the nEXO TPC, which incorporates these design considerations while also meeting the stringent radiopurity requirements of the nEXO neutrinoless double beta decay search. These design considerations and their specific implementation towards a HV delivery system offer guidance to future experiments applying high voltage in noble liquid environments.

KW - High voltage

KW - Noble liquids

KW - Time projection chamber

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105041935975

U2 - 10.1016/j.nima.2026.171718

DO - 10.1016/j.nima.2026.171718

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:105041935975

SN - 0168-9002

VL - 1091

JO - Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment

JF - Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment

M1 - 171718

ER -

Design of a high voltage delivery system for noble liquid time projection chambers

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Keywords

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