TY - JOUR
T1 - Emergency water treatment with combined ferrate(vi) and ferric salts for disasters and disease outbreaks
AU - Zheng, Lei
AU - Cui, Junkui
AU - Deng, Yang
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2020 The Royal Society of Chemistry.
Copyright:
Copyright 2020 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
PY - 2020/10
Y1 - 2020/10
N2 - Clean water is vital amid a disaster or disease outbreak-related emergency. This study aimed to evaluate an inventive emergency water treatment (EWT) process with the joint use of ferrate(vi) and ferric salts for production of drinking water in an emergency. Laboratory-scale batch studies were implemented to assess the effects of Fe(vi):Fe(iii) and overall Fe dose on the treatment performance. Results show that the decreasing Fe(vi):Fe(iii) ratio from 2:1 to 1:1 and 1:2 benefited bacterial inactivation, particulate removal, and abatement of aqueous Pb and As, but disfavored Cd alleviation in comparison with ferrate(vi) alone. At Fe(vi):Fe(iii) = 1:2, a higher iron dose (1.0-11.0 mg L-1) enhanced the treatment performance. The final pH could be well predicted based on chemical equilibrium calculations collectively governed by the Fe(vi):Fe(iii) ratio, overall Fe dose, initial pH, alkalinity, and atmospheric CO2 concentration. Afterwards, the combined Fe(vi)/Fe(iii)-based EWT was examined in an innovative tea bag treatment design (Fe(vi):Fe(iii) = 1:2; total Fe = 11.0 mg L-1), which decreased total coliform (1.12 × 105 MPN per 100 mL) and E. coli (3.65 × 104 MPN per 100 mL) to undetectable levels, lowered the turbidity from 2.00 to 0.39 NTU, and reduced Pb, As, and Cd from 141, 48, and 53 μg L-1 to 8, 2, and 13 μg L-1, respectively. The estimated cost of the tea bag design was approximately $0.017 per 10 L of water, more economically competitive than existing EWT products with similar functions. The combined Fe(vi)/Fe(iii) treatment represents an innovative, resilient, viable, and affordable EWT approach. Beyond EWT, the modification of ferrate(vi) treatment finds a new pathway to broader application of ferrate(vi) to municipal water treatment.
AB - Clean water is vital amid a disaster or disease outbreak-related emergency. This study aimed to evaluate an inventive emergency water treatment (EWT) process with the joint use of ferrate(vi) and ferric salts for production of drinking water in an emergency. Laboratory-scale batch studies were implemented to assess the effects of Fe(vi):Fe(iii) and overall Fe dose on the treatment performance. Results show that the decreasing Fe(vi):Fe(iii) ratio from 2:1 to 1:1 and 1:2 benefited bacterial inactivation, particulate removal, and abatement of aqueous Pb and As, but disfavored Cd alleviation in comparison with ferrate(vi) alone. At Fe(vi):Fe(iii) = 1:2, a higher iron dose (1.0-11.0 mg L-1) enhanced the treatment performance. The final pH could be well predicted based on chemical equilibrium calculations collectively governed by the Fe(vi):Fe(iii) ratio, overall Fe dose, initial pH, alkalinity, and atmospheric CO2 concentration. Afterwards, the combined Fe(vi)/Fe(iii)-based EWT was examined in an innovative tea bag treatment design (Fe(vi):Fe(iii) = 1:2; total Fe = 11.0 mg L-1), which decreased total coliform (1.12 × 105 MPN per 100 mL) and E. coli (3.65 × 104 MPN per 100 mL) to undetectable levels, lowered the turbidity from 2.00 to 0.39 NTU, and reduced Pb, As, and Cd from 141, 48, and 53 μg L-1 to 8, 2, and 13 μg L-1, respectively. The estimated cost of the tea bag design was approximately $0.017 per 10 L of water, more economically competitive than existing EWT products with similar functions. The combined Fe(vi)/Fe(iii) treatment represents an innovative, resilient, viable, and affordable EWT approach. Beyond EWT, the modification of ferrate(vi) treatment finds a new pathway to broader application of ferrate(vi) to municipal water treatment.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85090410939&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1039/d0ew00483a
DO - 10.1039/d0ew00483a
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85090410939
SN - 2053-1400
VL - 6
SP - 2816
EP - 2831
JO - Environmental Science: Water Research and Technology
JF - Environmental Science: Water Research and Technology
IS - 10
ER -