TY - JOUR
T1 - Formation of bromate during ferrate(VI) oxidation of bromide in water
AU - Huang, Xin
AU - Deng, Yang
AU - Liu, Shuang
AU - Song, Yali
AU - Li, Nanzhu
AU - Zhou, Jizhi
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2016 Elsevier Ltd.
PY - 2016/7/1
Y1 - 2016/7/1
N2 - Ferrate (VI) is traditionally recognized as a safe oxidant without production of disinfection byproducts (DBPs). However, here we detected probable carcinogenic bromate (BrO3-) during ferrate(VI) oxidation of bromide (Br-)-containing water, and evaluated the effects of pH, ferrate(VI) dose, initial Br- concentration, and co-existing anions on the BrO3- formation. BrO3- was produced at a moderately-weakly acidic pH condition and in the absence of phosphate that was commonly applied as a buffer and stabilizing agent in previous ferrate(VI) studies. At pH 5.0, the produced BrO3- was increased from 12.5 to 273.8 μg/L with the increasing initial Br- concentration from 200 to 1000 μg/L at 10 mg/L Fe(VI), corresponding to an increase in the molar conversion ([BrO3-]/initial [Br-]) from 2.3% to 10.3%, in a bicarbonate-buffered solution. As pH increased to 7.0, the BrO3- concentration gradually dropped. The BrO3- production appeared to be associated with the oxidation by high valence iron species (i.e. Fe(VI), Fe(V) and Fe(IV)). Two key intermediate products (i.e. hypobromous acid/hypobromite (HOBr/OBr-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)) relevant to the bromate formation were identified. The production of HOBr, a requisite intermediate for the ensuing bromate formation, was indirectly validated through identification of bromine-containing trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids during ferrate oxidation in a natural water, though these bromo-organic DBPs produced were insignificant. Furthermore, the inhibition effects of various anions on the formation of BrO3- followed chloride < sulfate < silicate < phosphate. More H2O2 was detected at higher phosphate concentration. It could reduce HOBr to Br-, thereby inhibiting the bromate formation.
AB - Ferrate (VI) is traditionally recognized as a safe oxidant without production of disinfection byproducts (DBPs). However, here we detected probable carcinogenic bromate (BrO3-) during ferrate(VI) oxidation of bromide (Br-)-containing water, and evaluated the effects of pH, ferrate(VI) dose, initial Br- concentration, and co-existing anions on the BrO3- formation. BrO3- was produced at a moderately-weakly acidic pH condition and in the absence of phosphate that was commonly applied as a buffer and stabilizing agent in previous ferrate(VI) studies. At pH 5.0, the produced BrO3- was increased from 12.5 to 273.8 μg/L with the increasing initial Br- concentration from 200 to 1000 μg/L at 10 mg/L Fe(VI), corresponding to an increase in the molar conversion ([BrO3-]/initial [Br-]) from 2.3% to 10.3%, in a bicarbonate-buffered solution. As pH increased to 7.0, the BrO3- concentration gradually dropped. The BrO3- production appeared to be associated with the oxidation by high valence iron species (i.e. Fe(VI), Fe(V) and Fe(IV)). Two key intermediate products (i.e. hypobromous acid/hypobromite (HOBr/OBr-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)) relevant to the bromate formation were identified. The production of HOBr, a requisite intermediate for the ensuing bromate formation, was indirectly validated through identification of bromine-containing trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids during ferrate oxidation in a natural water, though these bromo-organic DBPs produced were insignificant. Furthermore, the inhibition effects of various anions on the formation of BrO3- followed chloride < sulfate < silicate < phosphate. More H2O2 was detected at higher phosphate concentration. It could reduce HOBr to Br-, thereby inhibiting the bromate formation.
KW - Bromate
KW - Bromide
KW - Chemical oxidation
KW - Disinfection byproducts
KW - Ferrate(VI)
KW - Phosphate
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84966350068&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.04.093
DO - 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.04.093
M3 - Article
C2 - 27153235
AN - SCOPUS:84966350068
SN - 0045-6535
VL - 155
SP - 528
EP - 533
JO - Chemosphere
JF - Chemosphere
ER -