Offshore wind farms in New Jersey, USA: Stakeholder concerns and anticipated impacts on recreational fishing

Offshore wind farms (OWFs) are being developed to generate renewable, carbon-free electricity for the grid; however, the development of OWFs faces resistance, especially from marine recreational fishers. This research explores charter boat captains’ and owners’ perspectives toward OWF development in New Jersey, USA, based on responses from 87 participants in an online survey, including 10 who also participated in follow-up telephone interviews. The research identifies widespread opposition to OWFs (91 % of respondents), rooted in concerns over ecological disruption, navigation safety, access restrictions, and economic impacts. Respondents reported observed shifts in fish migration patterns, increased marine mammal stranding, and anticipated operational risks tied to OWF infrastructure. Many also expressed dissatisfaction with stakeholder engagement processes and skepticism regarding promised economic benefits. While some participants acknowledged the potential of OWF structures to function as artificial reefs, the prevailing sentiment emphasized a need for stronger safeguards, transparent planning, and inclusive governance. By providing a nuanced understanding of these concerns and the factors shaping them, this research equips policymakers and OWF developers with the knowledge to pursue targeted mitigation strategies, build trust with fishing communities, and ensure that the needs and perspectives of recreational fishers are meaningfully incorporated into the planning and implementation of OWF projects.